Did the
news media provide a fair and accurate representation of British youth during
the 2011 riots?
Despite the fact
that the majority of people involved in the London riots were youths, was there
a fair and accurate representation of British youth? The Daily Mirror which is
a redtop tabloid newspaper wrote "British youths are the most unpleasant
and violent in the world"[2], just two days
after the tragic events took place. The rioters were mainly given a negative
representation without the majority of mainstream news companies explaining or
considering the reasons behind the riots which led to British youth being left
in a dark light. TV news stations such as the BBC and SKY news focused less on
the rioters involved in the live media coverage. They only had live footage
with the breaking news headline “London riots”.
The national
outbreak occurred when the unarmed 29 year old Tottenham resident Mark Duggan
was killed by the British police as he suffered from a gunshot wound to the
chest; the death of Mark Duggan resulted in peaceful protest which took place
outside of Tottenham police station. This then went on to cause a national
outrage amongst the British youth which caused major riots which started off in
the streets of London and the proceeded to other cities around the UK; the
rioters were causing arson, looting stores, violently robbing civilians and
causing chaos in groups. People claimed that the anger against the British
police is what triggered the events. Others believed that youths rioted for
different reasons. For example, "Youths
are frustrated; they want all the nice clothes. They ain’t got any money, they
don't have jobs,"[3] this is a serious issue amongst the youths
and many believed that this was the main cause of the chaos in London. In
addition, “A 41-year-old youth worker told Rioters, stood outside the Pembury
estate, the scene of much of the trouble on Monday night and home to mostly
young black people.”[4]
This would link to Alvarado’s theory of racial representations in terms of
black people. For example, it would link to the ‘Dangerous’ group of
representations which means that they are associated to crime gangs and are
socially dysfunctional.
This was a major
tragedy for Britain and caused a moral panic across different communities this
is supportive of Stanley Cohen’s theory of moral panics and he suggested that
“a moral panic occurs when a condition, episode, person or group emerges to
become defined as a threat to societal values and interests”[5]; He also believed
that the media are most responsible for enforcing moral panics – even if it’s
just by reporting news, this explains how
the London riots caused a moral panic through youth disorder. “A moral panic is
an instance of public anxiety or alarm in response to a problem regarded as
threatening the moral standards of society.”[6]
In this essay there
will be an investigation of how British youth have been represented in the
media and how much the negative stereotype of youths is reinforced in the media,
there was a variety of different headlines and articles published by the major
players in British news media.
British newspapers
consistently featured dramatic images of what the Daily Mirror called
'young thugs with fire in their eyes and nothing but destruction on their mind'[7], or the Daily Express
called simply 'flaming morons'[8]. The riots took place in different towns across
the whole of London. It then eventually spread to other cities around the UK
such as Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Nottingham, Manchester and Salford. The
riots eventually resulted in the death of 5 people and 16 people were injured
directly from violence. It also lead to a mass deployment of the British police
which lead to more than 3,000 arrest across the UK and approximately £200
million worth of property damage.
In the past, youths have been negatively
portrayed in the media, according to statistics; “More than half of the stories
about teenage boys in national and regional newspapers in the past year (4,374
out of 8,629) were about crime. The word most commonly used to describe them
was ‘Yobs’ (591 times), followed by ‘thugs’ (254 times), ‘sick’ (119 times) and
‘feral’ (96 times)”. [9]There
were also other terms used to describe the youth such as “scum”, [10]“Inhuman”
[11]and
“threatening”. [12]During
the riots these were some of the popular words used by mid-market tabloid
newspaper ‘The Daily Mail’ and redtop newspaper ‘The Sun’.
It was
quite interesting how British youth were being described so strongly without as
much consideration in comparison to the positives characteristics of most of
the youths in Britain, they were described using words such as; “Feral youth,
the hoodies and yobs that apparently rampage uncontrolled in our cities, bent
simply on destruction for its own sake”. [13] This
quote shows us how negatively the British youth are being described and are
being blamed for the destruction of the entire city. In addition, the MP John
Hemming said “The looting and vandalism is done by ill-disciplined
youths.” [14]
The use of his words to describe the youth were quite harsh and offensive which
gave a negative look on British youth as a whole and since he is an MP many
people would value his opinion due to his respected position in power and
agree. In addition, Ian Haywood
mentioned in his book “Amongst the key findings were that
98% felt that the media always, often or sometimes represents them as
antisocial."[15] This shows us that youths being represented in a negative way by the
media isn’t something new and is something that happens quite often.
This goes in hand with Medhurst’s theory of
stereotypes, which believes that there is a short hand to identify a large
group of people (youth). “A continuing position in youth crime in urban areas
of Britain which makes sense as a form of shorthand within the accepted norms
of the newspaper” [16] The London Evening Standard also described
the youths in a negative way; “These are bad people who did this. Kids out of
control. When I was young it was all pac-man and board games. Now they’re
playing Grand Theft Auto and want to live it for themselves”[17] The
person who said this is describing how the youths have changed and developed negatively
over the years.
The way the Daily Mirror (tabloid newspaper)
described the youths on the 13th of august 2011 was very extreme.
The daily mirror is a left wing newspaper that is known for having a large
working class audience. Left wing beliefs are generally progressive, they have
beliefs of supporting each other and in equality, “They believe in equality
over the freedom to fail”. [18]
They usually support the labour party and the green party however; it was
interesting how they were promoting a Conservative ideology throughout their
coverage on the riots by not being understanding about the misguided youths in
London and just blaming them. “Anarchy
in the UK – Teenage wasteland, with their hoodies and bandanas no longer hiding
their faces, the thugs who left us in the grip of anarchy”. [19] The
use of the words ‘Teenage Wasteland’[20]
is very interesting because it is basically trying to explain that the
teenagers in the UK are so evil that they have caused the UK to become a
wasteland. In addition, there was the use of one image in particular which was
of a young man wearing an Adidas hoodie, this image reinforced the stereotypes
on British youths which believe that young people are chavs, negative and
violent people, and this image also looks very dark to the audience which
creates a sense of fear for them and reinforces the belief that British youths
are similar to villains. There was also a secondary image used was the
aftermath of the London riots, the scattered remains of the riots illustrates
the apocalypse like anarchy caused from the riots. The shot also connotes the
aftermath of rage, violence and pent up anger towards the community. In
addition, there is also a female laying down on the floor who looks like she
has fallen out of a burning building and she’s being supported by heavily armed
police, this image would make people feel sympathy towards her which would
result in more anger towards the people blamed who were British youths.
Many people would argue that the
representations of the British youth were very inaccurate during the London
riots. An interesting statistic from the youth media agency was “76% of
reporting of young people is negative and only 12% of crime in general is
committed by young people”[21],
this is quite shocking because it shows how much the British youth have been
targeted and misrepresented by the Media. Another quote which sparked a debate was
“An estimated 15,000 people were involved in the riots; about one-quarter was
aged under 18”[22]
It’s quite interesting when you look at the statistics because it actually
contradicts what the British media is trying to argue who could have been
trying to promote a particular type of ideology or could have been simply just
trying to sensationalise.
A question that many people ask is ‘what
caused the riots’ and this is a debatable question because there are multiple
reasons for what may have triggered the riots. For example, you could consider
the unemployment rates amongst youth in London; “The unemployment rate between
16-24 year olds during 2011 rose up to 991,000 which were more than double the
rate for the UK.”[23]
Since unemployment rates are continuing to increase, young people are
struggling to get jobs in order to pay for essentials they may need, this could
be a factor which caused quite a few people to part take in the riots, this is
because research showed that there was a direct correlation between the amount
of people behind on bills and the crime rate in London. However, there wasn’t
much focus on this topic post riots which is what we would’ve expected to see
from newspapers such as The Guardian. Owen Jones also mentioned in his book "you're seen as more likely to commit crime and most likely to be
unemployed"[24]
Another factor was police harassment, the
British police have been facing criticism for targeting young people, and there
were complaints about police over using their power to stop and search members
of the public. A twenty year old man from Clapham was interviewed by the Guardian
and he was asked what he thought about the reasons behind the London riots, his
response was; “I’m angry and frustrated. I feel the same as them. Angry with
everything – society, police, the way the treat us. They don’t treat us like
human beings. I’ve been stopped and searched and I’ve refused to give my
details.” [25]From
this we get an understanding of what some of the youth in London have to go
through when facing the Police and many people have come to the belief that
this is the fuel for the London riots. In addition, people believed there is a
direct correlation between unemployment rates and crime within the UK. In 2012
Clive Bloom said; “Youth unemployment are signs of increasing crime,
relationships between communities and the police and the use of stop and
search”[26]
in his book about protests and rebellion in the capital. In addition,
On the other
hand, it’s quite interesting when you compare the difference between broadsheet
newspapers coverage in comparison to a tabloids. For example, The Guardian who is
a broadsheet newspaper reported the day after the
riots. The Guardian are well known for their left wing beliefs as they usually
cover stories with a lot of background information and knowledge, they usually
have a firm political stance and editorial opinion. The Guardian is a fairly
mainstream newspaper who has a mass target audience of the demographic group
ABC1.
They titled
the article saying "Blame the police; "why the rioters say they took
part". [27]During
the London riots a lot of people didn’t understand the reason why all these
youths had so much anger, there was the belief that the riots were just because
of the police assassination of Mark Duggan, however a lot of other people who
rioted had their own reasons such as; Previous police harassment, government
not supporting the lower class and the misrepresentations of society.
The language shows
that this newspaper isn’t going directly at the youth but it is showing that
they are showing both sides of the story. This is mainly targeted at the ABC1 audience which are
people who probably wouldn’t have any links to the youth and they won’t understand
what they go through. There was an interview with Kenneth Clark who is the
justice secretary and he made a comment saying “Britain had cultivated a ‘lost
generation’ of young people”[28]
In addition, he also mentioned “Britain was already in the thick of a moral panic
concerning its young people. Its constituent elements were gangs, shootings,
stabbings, family dysfunction, lack of community cohesion, and the hovering
background ambience of gangsta rap” [29] this was a very bold statement he expressed
because he only focused on the negative beliefs about the British youth without
even considering saying ‘Some’ or ‘a few’ rather than speaking about the
British youth as a whole.
This represents the
youth to be protesters rather than rioters because this newspaper is probably
trying to communicate that there is a reason behind them protesting rather than
doing it just to loot. Next, they have also included quotes from the youths who
participated in the riots and in these quotes they show a lot of anger towards
the police. The Guardian also didn’t use any images of anyone involved in the
riots which was interesting, this is because they weren’t primarily focusing on
who caused the riots and were more interested in the wider context and the
reasons behind the riots. This supports the left wing beliefs which is what The
Guardian is known for.
In comparison, the Daily Mail who are tabloid newspaper
which is completely different to the broadsheet one. The Daily Mail are right wing newspaper who
have more of a negative perspective on British youths. Right wing beliefs have
less of a care about equality and are more interested in people/communities
being responsible for themselves, “They believe in freedom to succeed over
equality”. [30]
The Daily Mail’s target audience are more of the lower working class people.
This can be seen immediately from the use of
images. in the picture you can see a British youth who is represented to be a
villain to society, this is because in the image we can see the youth who is
wearing a hooded tracksuit and covering his face, and behind him there is a
large fire which looks like it came from a car explosion, from the first look
at this image we get a an understanding that they are trying to create a sense
of fear for the audience. Next, the title says "The anarchy spreads" [31]this word
means a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority
or other controlling systems. In addition, there was a also a quote on the
front page saying "To blame the cuts is immoral and cynical. This is
immoral criminality pure and simple" [32]this
quote is basically expressing that the rioters are pure criminals and are
rioting for no logical reason whereas the Guardian talks about both sides and
also speaks from the rioters perspective. This image reinforces the popular
stereotype which believes that young British males are chavs, negative and
violent people.
This can be linked to Medhurst’s theory of
stereotypes which believes that we label a group of people as a shorthand to
describe them. This image also looks very dark to the audience which makes them
get the understanding that these youths are uncontrollable. Also, the fire in
the image shows that these youths are creating hell. In conclusion, this shows the difference
on how a broadsheet delivers news and a tabloid paper delivers news. In
addition, the established UK rapper ‘Skepta’ said a meaningful lyric one of his
songs ‘Castles’ which was “Tell Boris he’s lucky that I made it rapping or I
would’ve been looting too” [33]
by Skepta touching up on this subject we understand that he fully understands
the positions which the rioters are in, this is evident as he indicated that he
used to be in their predicament and believes that the only thing that separates
him from the rioters is his ability to make music. This could link to the two
step flow model theory because Skepta is an opinion leader and is very much
respected in society and from him saying this lyric it could have indirectly
encouraged rioters to participate and influence the youth who may look up to
him.
This isn’t the first riots that have happened
in London; in 1981 there was a riot which took placed in Brixton, London. This
was a major dispute between the local members of the public and the police.
This eventually resulted in approximately 280 injuries to police and 45
injuries to members of the public. There was also mass damage to police
vehicles and buildings. Reports suggested approximately 5,000 people were
involved. If we compare how the news was reported back in 1981 in comparison
now, we are easily able to see the difference. For example, The Sun reported a
day after the Brixton riots and the title of the paper said "To think this is
England" this shows us that the paper then blamed the whole country for
these events all though it was only a small part of the country that took part.
Also, they didn't target a specific minority when they were talking about who
was involved. This newspaper also promotes the fact that England was going
through and moral panic and that they were all together.
On the other hand, the
second paper from the 2011 riots is completely different to the first paper.
This is automatically visible from the title which says "Flaming
morons" this shows us that they are directly targeting a group of people
who were involved, in addition, the use of image is also quite extreme as they
have an image of a burning car in the background of a youth in a hooded
jumper. This shows us how much society’s morals have change as back in
1981 if something happened in the UK the media would blame themselves as a
whole whereas now the media is attacking certain groups of different people (mainly
minorities). Also, there is a line which says "Thugs and thieves terrorise
Britain's streets"[34] this shows us that
the media are portraying the youth to be the only victims as they didn't focus
on the reasons behind it. The media also try to make the people who
participated in the riots to not be part of the British society as they may be
ashamed of what's happened.
Almost a year
after the riots rapper/singer Plan B became a voice for the younger generation.
Plan B formally known as Ben Drew is an English rapper/singer, actor, film
director and producer. He was raised in Forest Gate, East London which is known
for being a lower class area. In 2012 Plan B held a ‘TedX’ talk where he spoke
about some of the issues amongst British youth and the British news media.
Throughout this talk Plan B explained that he developed lots of beliefs and
political views after he started making music and getting into the production
world. He started to understand how the media works and what its relationship
is like with the youths.
He believed that the
media ‘demonize’ [35]the London youth who come
from working class backgrounds and the youths that live in council estates. He
said that the youths are looked down upon so much that they stop respecting the
media and authority therefore they don't follow the rules and become
rebellious. He also believes that the youth are lost and are not guided
correctly as there may be a lack of role models , this is because he was once a
part of the “youths who would rather listen to their favourite rapper than the
authority” [36]and
then he was able to make a transition in his life because of how one person had
an impact on him. Therefore, he believes that everyone is just one person away
from their lives being changed and still believes that there is a chance for
unprivileged youth in Britain.
Plan B believes that the
media in general is a vicious circle because of how once an opinion
is formed it will remain for a long while and it’s hard to put the positive
into a negative situation. For example, plan B is explained how when he was on
set filming outside manor park station he was approached by a group of Asian
youths who were telling him and his set to leave their "Turf" in an
aggressive way, then a group of big men came and told the Asians youths to
leave and helped out Plan B, Plan B then explained to the media what had
happened but the media only publish the negative part about the Asian youths
and didn’t mention the positive part about him being helped out. This links to
Cohen’s media theory of moral panic.
The target audience for
this particular TEDx lecture was aimed at the secondary audience for the
film which is the ABC1 demographic. This is because these are
the people who look at the media and believe what is being said and then form a
whole negative idea about the working class youths and "Chavs" and he
trying to make them understand life from their perspective and explain
why they're like this. In addition, this is also targeted at the psychographic group of
reformers, this is because they are generally the people who have a big interest
in society and are keen to make changes.
Plan B also created a music video to express his views about
the news media. This music video covered the different stereotypical beliefs
that the media usually portray. The music video represents the London rioters
as the typical council estate youths, from watching the music video we will get
an understanding of how violent they are. This video also reinforces the
general stereotype of council estate youths as being negative, violent and
criminals. In addition, the police in the London riots are shown to be
overpowered by the rioters because of how they are being dominated which is a
negative look for the government. Also, the UK's politicians are shown to be
careless about the working class people.
This music video offers audience pleasures to two different
types of people. Firstly, there are some people who would get a thrill from
watching this video as it would give them excitement from seeing all the
violence and the rebel behaviour that these London youths are portraying
themselves to be like. Also, it could please people who would get a sense of
diversion from this. Diversion is basically when you see something on the media
that would help you escape from your everyday life, this would please people
who are not involved in these types of activities as they would just be able to
watch it rather than be involved with it. The fact that plan be created a music
video reinforces the well-known stereotypes was considered quite odd because he
was trying to get people to understand what life is like from London youths
perspective but he presented it to be negative, violent and gritty.
Two days after the London riots, Sky news carried out an interview with a couple of London youths who were believed to be part of gangs. During this interview the youths were asked why they participated in the riots and some of their responses were “I done this to provide for my family I got some stuff for my son, I had to get some stuff for him such as nappies.”[37] This interview provided the audience with a deeper understanding for why the youths participated in the riots. The youths spoke about not being able to get jobs, the government not being able to provide for them and being marginalised from society. Catherine Clarke also mentioned in her book "We also found that media stories are not representative of the youth population as a whole, as they tend to focus on minority groups that are extreme examples of young people”[38] This also supports what Plan B’s beliefs were about how the media is demonising the lower working class people as the media is focusing primarily on them.
Two days after the London riots, Sky news carried out an interview with a couple of London youths who were believed to be part of gangs. During this interview the youths were asked why they participated in the riots and some of their responses were “I done this to provide for my family I got some stuff for my son, I had to get some stuff for him such as nappies.”[37] This interview provided the audience with a deeper understanding for why the youths participated in the riots. The youths spoke about not being able to get jobs, the government not being able to provide for them and being marginalised from society. Catherine Clarke also mentioned in her book "We also found that media stories are not representative of the youth population as a whole, as they tend to focus on minority groups that are extreme examples of young people”[38] This also supports what Plan B’s beliefs were about how the media is demonising the lower working class people as the media is focusing primarily on them.
In conclusion, it is
hard not to come to the conclusion that the British news media did not provide a
fair and accurate representation of the youth during the London riots. During
the coverage of the 2011 London riots there wasn’t enough about the wider
context into what may have caused the riots. "According
to David Cameron, the English 'rioter' and 'looter' are of the same breed;
namely of the feral underclass type. These people, as Cameron would have it,
are foreign to the hard-working, regular citizen and it is through poor life
choices and like of meritocratic initiative that they find themselves clinging
to the margin of society."[39] There
are many problems within England which may have led to the riots, for example,
there are still children living in poverty without the government doing much to
help them. “More than half of the city’s children live in poverty”[40].
Work Cited
Academic books
·
Bloom, C. (2012). Riot city: Protest and rebellion in the capital.
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
·
Briggs, D. (2012). The English riots of 2011 a summer of
discontent. Hook, UK: Waterside Press.
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Conboy, M. (2007). The language of the news. London: Routledge
·
London
riots 2011. (2013). Place of publication not identified: Grin Verlag.
·
Jones, O. (2011). Chavs: The demonization of the working class.
London: Verso.
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Jones,
O. (n.d.). The establishment: And how they get away with it
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The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth
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Clark,
C (2014) Media Portrayal of Young People – impact and influences
Internet
links/Journals
The battle for London;
http://www.theguardian.com/media/gallery/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-front-pages-in-pictures
Youth
Crime: Representations, Discourses and Data -; http://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upmbinaries/65884_Youth_Crime__Representations,_Discourses_and_Data.pdf
There’s a
riot going on;
https://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/media-magazine/articles/16831
'Hoodies,
louts, scum': how media demonises teenagers;
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hoodies-louts-scum-how-media-demonises-teenagers-1643964.html
UK Youth;
http://www.ukyouth.org/resources/youth-statistics/item/379-young_people_in_the_media#.Vh5eHvlViko
UK
unemployment figures paint bleak picture;
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15262235
London
riots: young people voice their frustrations;
http://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/aug/16/london-riots-young-people-voice-anger
Blame the
police: why the rioters say they took part (The guardian);
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/anger-police-fuelled-riots-study
Daily Mail
(The anarchy Spreads) ;
http://twicsy.com/i/5NyBM
London
rioters point to poverty and prejudice;
http://www.reuters.com/article/britain-riot-contrast-idUSL6E7J91RM20110809
Birmingham
disturbances: Church leaders, MPs and celebrities lead calls for calm;
http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/birmingham-disturbances-church-leaders-mps-159247
The riots in quotes;
http://www.totalpolitics.com/blog/176607/the-riots-in-quotes.thtml
Skepta –
Castles;
http://genius.com/Skepta-castles-lyrics
I don’t get
politics, me.
http://idontgetpolitics.co.uk/right-left-wing
UK riots-
Anarchy in the UK
http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/uk-riots-anarchy-in-the-uk--teenage-147263
Youth,
music and London: Plan B at TEDxObserver
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhtAfIw4qJY
London Riots 2011 Sky News -
Teen Gang Members Explosive Interview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjWifAuTwJg
Work
Consulted
Academic books
·
Clark, C. (2008). Media
portrayal of young people impact and influences. Place of publication not
identified: National Children's Bureau.
·
Cottle, S. (2006). Mediatized conflict developments in media and
conflict studies. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
·
Negrine, R. (2007). The
political communication reader. London: Routledge.
·
Cohen . S (2011) Folk Devils and Moral Panics
Internet
Links:
London
riots: social media helped gangs orchestrate the looting, says MP;
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/11/riots-social-media-gang-culture
Blame
games: putting the London riots on stage; http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/aug/05/chalk-farm-edinburgh-london-riots
English
riots were 'a sort of revenge' against the police; http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/riots-revenge-against-police
The UK
riots: the psychology of looting ; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-psychology-of-looting
A
mathematical model of the London riots and their policing; http://www.nature.com/articles/srep01303?WT.ec_id=SREP-20130226
“The
quarrel is between our masters and us their men”: Romeo and Juliet, Dearth, and
the London Riots;
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6757.2000.tb01168.x/abstract
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6757.2000.tb01168.x/abstract
Target
choice during extreme events: a discrete spatial choice model of the 2011
London riots;
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12004/pdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.12004/pdf
Hashtag Lifespan and Social Networks during the London Riots ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275112000315
Who were
the rioters?;
http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/dec/05/who-were-the-rioters
Young people voice their anger;
http;//www.theguardian.com/society/2011/aug/16/London-riots-young-people-voice-anger
England
rioters 'poorer, younger, less educated;
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15426720
Why did so
many youths riot in London?;
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14467988
Representation
of Youth;
http://media.edusites.co.uk/article/ocr-a2-media-studies-g325-section-b-collective-identity-youth/
There’s a
riot going on;
https://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/media-magazine/articles/16831
Unbalanced
negative media portrayal of youth;
https://www.hertsmere.gov.uk/Documents/08-Parks--Leisure/Children--Young-People/Final-Report---Unbalanced-negative-media-portrayal-of-youth.pdf
London
riots: the underclass lashes out;
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8630533/Riots-the-underclass-lashes-out.html
https://www.teachit.co.uk/attachments/20516_1.pdf
[1] The battle for London (The Guardian 2011)
[2] Youth Crime: Representations,
Discourses and Data - John Muncie – 2011 – PG 3
[3]
London rioters point to poverty and prejudice
[4] ibid
[5] Cohen, S,(2011)
[6] Briggs, D (2014)
[7] There’s a riot going on -
Media Magazine 38, December 2011
[10] ibid
[11] ibid
[14]
Birmingham Mail
[15]
Haywood, I (2012)
[16] Conboy, M. (2007). Pg 63
[17]
London evening standard
[18] I
Don’t get politics, me.
[19]
UK riots: Anarchy in the UK – Teenage wasteland (Daily Mirror)
[20] ibid
[21] UK Youth article 2013
[22] Youth Crime:
Representations,
Discourses and Data - John Muncie – 2011 – page 4
[23] UK unemployment figures
paint bleak picture (BBC) - 2011
[24]
Jones, O (2015)
[29] Ibid
[30] I
Don’t get politics, me.
[31]
Daily Mail – (2011)
[32]
Daily Mail (The anarchy Spreads) – (2011)
[33]
Skepta – Castles (Music video)
[34]
Daily Star (2011)
[36] ibid
[38] Clark,
C (2014)
[39] Briggs,
D. (2012).
